Significant state ownership in some of Poland’s key industrial assets has created some market entry challenges. On social issues, PiS is conservative, but on economic policy has positioned itself in government as more interventionist. The next Parliamentary elections are due to be held in autumn 2023, local and European Parliament elections in 2024, and Presidential elections in 2025. The President is responsible for some foreign and security policy matters but, for domestic policy issues, executive power rests largely in the Council of Ministers led by Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, who was appointed in December 2017. The President and Head of State is Andrzej Duda, re-elected for a second term in 2020 and allied to PiS. Policy measures have included increasing social transfers, lowering the retirement age, and supporting domestic (including state-owned) industries. PiS’ programme focuses mainly on domestic issues. In the 2019 parliamentary elections, PiS once again won an outright majority in the Lower House (Sejm) but narrowly lost control of the Upper House (Senat) to the opposition. Poland’s government is a conservative coalition led by the Law & Justice (PiS) party who, in October 2015, won the first overall government majority since the fall of communism in 1989. Poland and the UK enjoy a strong and growing trading relationship worth £26.9bn in 2022, with bilateral trade in goods and services almost doubling over the past decade. Poland’s growth has been driven by strong domestic demand, dynamic exports, improved productivity, foreign investment, a stable banking system, and a significant inflow of EU funds. The EU’s 5th largest market by population, Poland has been one of Europe’s major economic success stories since it transformed into a market economy in the early 1990s. Information on key security and political risks which UK businesses may face when operating in Poland.
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